Abstract

Today emotional intelligence is increasingly relevant to the success of management as well as employees in every respect, be it internal issues like conflict resolution, group dynamics, leadership and motivation or the external issues like customer relationship management, brand loyalty and corporate social responsibility (CSR). There is limited research on the impact of emotional intelligence on job stress and workplace conduct. The objective of the article is to understand the relationship between occupational stress and emotional intelligence. It also attempts to study the impact of some demographic variables (gender, age, work experience) on occupational stress. Simple random sampling was used to collect data from teaching and non-teaching staff working in universities and educational institutions in Uttar Pradesh, India. SPSS 21 was used for data analysis using statistical tools like correlation, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal Wallis tests. Results show a significant relationship between emotional intelligence and occupational stress. The female employees were found to have greater stress levels as compared to their male counterparts. Age is found to have an impact on occupational stress of university teachers. The employees in their forties were found to have higher stress levels than younger employees. Work experience is also found to have an impact on occupational stress of university teachers. It was observed that employees with a work experience of more than 30 years have maximum levels of occupational stress. Based on the findings of this study, the managers should take special measures to take care of female employees and minimize factors which lead to their stress. The policies and work culture of the organization should create a conducive ambience for female employees. The organization should provide support and counselling to employees in their forties to sort out their stress-related issues which would eventually enhance their productivity. The employees with a work experience of more than 30 years (usually older ones) should get support and any stress-causing issues such as post-retirement benefits should be explained and clarified. This study adds to the current body of knowledge from a theoretical perspective. It enriches the understanding of the relationship between emotional intelligence, demographic variables and occupational stress. The top management of the organization can enhance their organization’s effectiveness by learning from the findings of this study. 

Keywords: емоційний інтелект (EI), професійний стрес, робоче перевантаження, управління стресом, організація.

JEL Classification: J81, M54, Z10.

Cite as: Rehman, A. (2020). Innovations in education management: impact of emotional intelligence and demographic variables on occupational stress among university teachers. Marketing and Management of Innovations, 3, 170-180. https://doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2020.3-12

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

References

1. Abraham, R. (1999). Emotional Intelligence in Organizations: a Conceptualization. Genetic Social and General Psychology Monographs, 125(2), 209-224. [Google Scholar]
2. Abraham, R. (2000). The role of job control as a moderator of emotional dissonance and emotional intelligence outcome relationships. Journal of Psychology, 134(2), 169-184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
3. Agma, F. S. (2007). The negative effects and reasons of stress in work life. Master’s thesis, Atılım University, Ankara, Turkey. [Google Scholar]
4. Allen, R. J. (1983). Human stress: Its nature and control. Burgess. [Google Scholar]
5. Antoniou, A. S., Polychroni, F., & Vlachakis, A. N. (2006). Gender and age differences in occupational stress and professional burnout between primary and high-school teachers in Greece. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 682-690. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
6. Ashforth, B. E., & Humphrey, R. H. (1995). Emotion in the workplace: A reappraisal. Human Relations, 48(2), 97-99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
7. Ashkanasy, N. M. (2003). Emotions in organizations: A multi-level perspective. In Dansereau, F., and Yammarino, F.J. (Eds.) Multi-Level Issues in Organizational Behavior and Strategy(pp.9-54). Oxford, UK: Elsevier. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
8. Belias, D., Koustelios, E., Koutiva, M., & Zournatzi, E. (2013). Occupational stress and emotional intelligence among Greek Bank employees. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 3(4), 79-101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
9. Ben-Bakr, K. A., Al-Shammari, I. S., & Jefri, O. A. (1995). Occupational stress in different organizations: a Saudi Arabian survey. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 10(5), 24-28. [Google Scholar]
10. Bian, Q., & Forsythe, S. (2012). Purchase intention for luxury brands: A cross cultural comparison. Journal of Business Research, 65(10), 1443-1451. 
11. Bolhari, A., Rezaeian A., Bolhari, J., & Bairamzadeh, S. (2012). Occupational Stress Level among Information Technology Professionals in Iran. International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, 2(5). [Google Scholar]
12. Boyatzis, R. E., Goleman, D., & Rhee, K. (1999). Clustering competence in emotional intelligence: Insights from the Emotional Competence Inventory (ECI). In R. Bar-On & J.D. Parker (Eds.), Handbook of Emotional Intelligence. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. [Google Scholar]
13. Brackett, M. A., & Salovey, P. (2006). Measuring emotional intelligence with the Mayer-Salovery-Caruso emotional intelligence test (MSCEIT). Psicothema, 18, 34-41. [Google Scholar]
14. Brown, F. W., Bryant, S. E., & Reilly, M. D. (2006). Does emotional intelligence – as measured by the EQI – influence transformational leadership and/or desirable outcomes? Leadership & Organisation Development Journal, 27(5), 330 – 351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
15. Burdus, E., Caprarescu, G., & Zorlențan, T. (1996). Organisational management [Managementul organizației]. Bucharest: Holding Reporter. [Google Scholar]
16. Chapman, M. (2001). The Emotional Intelligence Pocketbook. Management Pocketbooks, Arlesford. [Google Scholar]
17. Cheung, S. Y., Gong, Y. P., & Huang, J. C. (2016). Emotional intelligence, job insecurity, and psychological strain among real estate agents: a test of madiation and moderation models. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 27(22), 2673-2694. [Google Scholar]
18. Ciarrochi, J., Deane, F. P., & Anderson, S. (2002). Emotional intelligence moderates the relationship between stress and mental health. Personality and Individual Differences, 32 (2), 197-209. [Google Scholar]
19. Cooper, R. K., & Sawaf, A. (1997). Executive EQ: emotional intelligence in leadership and organizations. New York: Grosset Putnum. [Google Scholar]
20. Darmordy, M., & Smyth, E. (2010). Job Satisfaction and Occupational Stress among Primary School Teachers and School Principals in Ireland. Ireland: The Teaching Council. [Google Scholar]
21. Darvish, H., & Nasrollahi, A. A. (2011). Studying the relations between emotional intelligence and occupational stress: A case study at Payame Noor University. Economic Sciences Series, 2(18), 38-49. [Google Scholar]
22. Di Salvo, V., Lubbers, C., Rossi, A. M., & Lewis, J. (1995). Unstructured perceptions of work-related stress: An exploratory qualitative study. In: R Crandall, P.L. Perrewe (Eds). Occupational Stress: A Handbook (pp.39-50). Washington: Taylor Francis. [Google Scholar]
23. Dogan, S., & Demiral, O. (2007). The role and importance of emotional intelligence on the success of organizations. Celal Bayar University the Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences Journal, 14(1), 209-230. [Google Scholar]
24. Drozdowski, G. (2017). Emotional components of competence among executives: An empirical study. Economic Annals-XXI, 162(11/12), 89-92. [Google Scholar]
25. Dua, J. K. (1994). Job stressors and their effects on physical health, emotional health, and job satisfaction in a university. Journal of Educational Administration, 32, 59-78. [Google Scholar]
26. Extremera, N., Fernandez-Berrocal, P., & Ramos, N. S. (2007). Perceived emotional intelligence facilitates cognitive emotional processes of adaptation to an acute stressor. Cognition & Emotion, 21(4), 758-772. [Google Scholar]
27. Fontana, D., & Abouserie, R. (1993). Stress levels gender and personality factors in teachers. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 63(1), 261–270. [Google Scholar]
28. Fotinatos-Ventouratos, R., & Cooper, C. (2005). The role of gender and social class in work stress. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 20(1), 14-23. [Google Scholar]
29. Friedman, M. (1996). Type A Behavior: Its Diagnosis and Treatment. New York, Plenum Press (Kluwer Academic Press), 31. [Google Scholar]
30. Furnell, B. A. (2008). Exploring the relationship between burnout, emotional labour and emotional intelligence: a study on call centre representatives. Master Dissertation in Psychology, Stellenbosch: Department of Industrial Psychology, University of Stellenbosch. [Google Scholar]
31. Galanaki, M., Stalikas, A., Kallia, H., Karagianni, C., & Karela, C. (2009). Gender differences in experiencing occupational stress: the role of age, education and marital status. Stress and Health, 25(5), 397–404. [Google Scholar]
32. Ganster, D. C., & Rosen, C. C. (2013). Work stress and employee health: A multidisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 39(5), 1085-1122. [Google Scholar]
33. Ganster, D. C., & Schaubroeck, J. (1991). Work Stress and Employee Health. Journal of Management, 17(2), 235-271. [Google Scholar]
34. Gardner L. J., & Stough, C. (2003). Exploration of the relationship between workplace, emotional intelligence, occupational stress and employee health. Australian Journal of Psychology, 55(1), 181–95. [Google Scholar]
35. Guney, S. (2000). Behavioural sciences. Nobel Publications, Ankara Turkey. 
36. Hellhammer, D. H., & Hellhammer, J. (2008). Stress: The brain-body connection (Key issues in mental health). New York, NY: Karger. [Google Scholar]
37. Hong, E., & Lee, Y. S. (2016). The mediating effect of emotional intelligence between emotional labour, job stress, burnout and nurses’ turnover intention. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 22(6), 625-632. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
38. Hughes, M. L., Patterson, B. & Bradford, T. J. (2005). Emotional intelligence in action. Wiley. [Google Scholar]
39. Ioannis, N., & Ioannis, T. (2002). Emotional intelligence in the workplace: exploring its effects on occupational stress and organizational commitment. International Journal of Organisational Analysis, 10(4), 327-342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
40. Irawanto, D. W., & Primasari, N. D. (2015). The Effect of Occupational Stress on Work Performance of Female Employees: Study in Indonesia. Asia-Pacific Journal of Management Research and Innovation, 11(4), 336-345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
41. Jick, T. D., & Mitz, L. F. (1985). Sex differences in work stress. Academy of Management review, 10(1), 408-420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
42. Johns, G. (2011). Attendance dynamics at work: The antecedents and correlates of presenteeism, absenteeism, and productivity loss. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16(4), 483-500. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
43. Kalyoncu, Z., Guney, S., Arslan, M., & Ayranci, E. (2012). Analysis of The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Stres Caused by The Organisation: A Study of Nurses. [Google Scholar]
44. Krishankumar, R., & Lalitha, S. (2014). A Study on Emotional Intelligence and Occupational Stress. International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Research, 2(2), 633-36. [Google Scholar]
45. Lazarus, R. S. (1999). Stress and emotions: A new synthesis. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company. [Google Scholar]
46. Leon, R. D., & Tanasescu, R. I. (2018). Emotional Intelligence and Occupational Stress in Romanian Organizations. Management Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy, 6(1), 51-65. [Google Scholar]
47. Li, Z. D., Gupta, B., Loon, M., & Casimir, G. (2016). Combinative aspects of leadership style and emotional intelligence. Leadership & Organisation Development Journal, 37(1), 107-125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
48. Mahmood, A., & Yadav, L. K. (2017). Occupational Stress, Emotional Intelligence and Demography: A study among working professionals. International Journal of Business Insights and Transformation, 10 (2), 72-79. [Google Scholar]
49. Martinez, M. N. (1997). The smarts that count. HR Magazine, 42 (11): 72–78. [Google Scholar]
50. Martocchio, J. J., & O’Leary, A. M. (1989). Sex differences in occupational stress: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 495-501. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
51. McClelland, D. (1998). Identifying competencies with behavioural-event interviews. Psychol. Sci., 9(5), 331-40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
52. McDonald, L. M., & Korabik, K. (1991). Sources of stress and ways of coping among male and female managers. Journal of Social Behaviour and Personality, 6(1), 185-198. [Google Scholar]
53. O’Connor, P., Nguyen, J., & Anglim, J. (2017). Effectively Coping with Task Stress: A Study of the Validity of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire– Short Form (TEIQue–SF). Journal of Personality Assessment, 99(3), 304-314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
54. Ozbay, Y., & Senyuz, A. (1998). An analysis of perceived job satisfaction in different occupations and stress levels in relation to gender. Paper presented at The Tenth National Psychology Congress, 16-18 September 1998, Ankara, Turkey.
55. Payne, W. L. (1985). A Study of Emotion: Developing Emotional Intelligence; Self-Integration; Relating to Fear, Pain and Desire (Theory, Structure of Reality, Problem-Solving, Contraction/Expansion, Tuning In/Coming Out/Letting Go). Doctoral dissertation, The Union for Experimenting Colleges and Universities (The Union Institute), Cincinnati, OH. [Google Scholar]
56. Rahim, S. H., & Malik, M. I. (2010). Emotional Intelligence & Organizational Performance: A Case Study of Banking Sector in Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(10), 191-197. [Google Scholar]
57. Rehman, A. (2020). Innovation and Management by Regional Rural Banks in Achieving the Dream of Financial Inclusion in India: Challenges and Prospects.
58. Rehman, A. U. (2017). Green values and buying behaviour of consumers in Saudi Arabia: an empirical study. International Journal of Green Economics, 11(2), 154-164.
59. Rogers, A. K. (2007). Stress Perceptions in Occupational Therapy Students: Traditional versus Distance Education. Master’s thesis, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV. [Google Scholar]
60. Sager, J. K. (1990). Reducing sales manager job stress. The Journal of Consumer Marketing, 7(4), 5-14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
61. Sahin, N. H. (2010). Finding your own «positive stress» level, coping up with stress: A positive approach. Turkish Psychologists Association Publications, Ankara, Turkey.
62. Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 9, 185-211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
63. Schermerhorn, J. R. (1989). Management for Productivity. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York. [Google Scholar]
64. Seipp, B. (1991). Anxiety and academic performance: A meta-analysis of findings. Anxiety Res., 4, 27-41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
65. Selye, H. (1985). The Stress of Life. Springer-Verlag, New York. [Google Scholar]
66. Shah Hosseini, M., Silong, A. D., Ismaili, I. A., & Uli, J. N. (2012). The role of emotional intelligence on job performance. International Journal of Social Science, 3(21), 241–246. [Google Scholar]
67. Sharpley, C. F., Reynolds, R., Acosta, A., & Dua, J. K. (1996). The presence, nature and effects of job stress on physical and psychological health at a large Australian university. Journal of Educational Administration, 34(4), 73-86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
68. Shukla, A., & Srivastava, R. (2016). Examining the effect of emotional intelligence on socio-demographic variable and job stress among retail employees. Cogent Business & Management, 3(1), 1201905. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
69. Singh, K. (2007). Quantitative social research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE publications. [Google Scholar]
70. Slaski, M., & Cartwright, S. (2002). Health, performance and emotional intelligence: An exploratory study of retail managers. Stress Health, 18(1), 63–8. [Google Scholar]
71. Spielberger, C. D., & Reheiser, E. C. (1994). The job stress survey: Measuring gender differences in occupational stress. Journal of Social Behaviour and Personality, 9(1), 199-218. [Google Scholar]
72. Srivastava, A. K., & Singh, A. P. (1981). Manual of the Occupational Stress Index, Department of Psychology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. [Google Scholar]
73. Stora, J. B. (1992). Stress. Trans. by Ayse Kalın, İletisim Publications, İstanbul, Turkey.
74. Tanasescu, R. I., & Leon, R. D. (2019). Emotional Intelligence, Occupational Stress and Job Performance in the Romanian Banking System: A Case Study Approach. Management Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy, 7(3), 323-335. [Google Scholar]
75. Turner, T.W. (2006). Identifying emotional intelligence competencies differentiating FBI National Academy graduates from other law enforcement leaders. Ed. D. University of Virginia, United States – Virginia. [Google Scholar]
76. Wan, H. C., Downey, L. A., & Stough, C. (2014). Understanding non-work presenteeism: Relationships between emotional intelligence, boredom, procrastination and job stress. Personality and Individual Differences, 65(1), 86-90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
77. Watkin, C. (2000). Developing emotional intelligence. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 8(2), 89-92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
78. Weissinger H (1998). Emotional intelligence at work life. Trans. by Nurettin Suleymangil. MNS Publications, İstanbul, Turkey. [Google Scholar]
79. Zimmerman, A. (n.d.) What is emotional intelligence? Retrieved from https://www.trans4mind.com/heart/eq.html